Tonsils are major sites of persistence of SARS-CoV-2 in children.

In the present study, we show that SARS-CoV-2 can infect palatine tonsils, adenoids, and secretions in children without symptoms of COVID-19, with no history of recent upper airway infection. We studied 48 children undergoing tonsillectomy due to snoring/OSA or recurrent tonsillitis between October 2020 and September 2021. Nasal cytobrushes, nasal washes, and tonsillar tissue fragments obtained at surgery were tested by RT-qPCR, immunohistochemistry (IHC), flow cytometry, and neutralization assay. We detected the presence of SARS-CoV-2 in at least one specimen tested in 27% of patients. IHC revealed the presence of the viral nucleoprotein in epithelial surface and in lymphoid cells in both extrafollicular and follicular regions, in adenoids and palatine tonsils. Also, IHC for the SARS-CoV-2 non-structural protein NSP-16 indicated the presence of viral replication in 53.8% of the SARS-CoV-2-infected tissues. Flow cytometry showed that CD20+ B lymphocytes were the most infected phenotypes, followed by CD4+ lymphocytes and CD123 dendritic cells, CD8+ T lymphocytes, and CD14+ macrophages. Additionally, IF indicated that infected tonsillar tissues had increased expression of ACE2 and TMPRSS2. NGS sequencing demonstrated the presence of different SARS-CoV-2 variants in tonsils from different tissues. SARS-CoV-2 antigen detection was not restricted to tonsils but was also detected in nasal cells from the olfactory region. Palatine tonsils and adenoids are sites of prolonged RNA presence by SARS-CoV-2 in children, even without COVID-19 symptoms. IMPORTANCE This study shows that SRS-CoV-2 of different lineages can infect tonsils and adenoids in one quarter of children undergoing tonsillectomy. These findings bring advancement to the area of SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis, by showing that tonsils may be sites of prolonged infection, even without evidence of recent COVID-19 symptoms. SARS-CoV-2 infection of B and T lymphocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells may interfere with the mounting of immune responses in these secondary lymphoid organs. Moreover, the shedding of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in respiratory secretions from silently infected children raises concern about possible diagnostic confusion in the presence of symptoms of acute respiratory infections caused by other etiologies.

SARS-CoV-2 productively infects primary human immune system cells in vitro and in COVID-19 patients.

The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection is associated with a hyperinflammatory state and lymphocytopenia, a hallmark that appears as both signature and prognosis of disease severity outcome. Although cytokine storm and a sustained inflammatory state are commonly associated with immune cell depletion, it is still unclear whether direct SARS-CoV-2 infection of immune cells could also play a role in this scenario by harboring viral replication. We found that monocytes, as well as both B and T lymphocytes, were susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection in vitro, accumulating double-stranded RNA consistent with viral RNA replication and ultimately leading to expressive T cell apoptosis. In addition, flow cytometry and immunofluorescence analysis revealed that SARS-CoV-2 was frequently detected in monocytes and B lymphocytes from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients. The rates of SARS-CoV-2-infected monocytes in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from COVID-19 patients increased over time from symptom onset, with SARS-CoV-2-positive monocytes, B cells, and CD4+ T lymphocytes also detected in postmortem lung tissue. These results indicated that SARS-CoV-2 infection of blood-circulating leukocytes in COVID-19 patients might have important implications for disease pathogenesis and progression, immune dysfunction, and virus spread within the host.

High-Dose Convalescent Plasma for Treatment of Severe COVID-19.

To assess whether high-dose coronavirus disease (COVID-19) convalescent plasma (CCP) transfusion may benefit patients with severe COVID-19, we conducted a multicenter randomized trial in Brazil. Patients with severe COVID-19 who were within 10 days of initial symptom onset were eligible. Patients in the CCP group received 3 daily doses of CCP (600 mL/d) in addition to standard treatment; control patients received standard treatment only. Primary outcomes were death rates at days 30 and 60 of study randomization. Secondary outcomes were ventilator-free days and hospital-free days. We enrolled 107 patients: 36 CCP and 71 control. At day 30, death rates were 22% for CCP and 25% for the control group; at day 60, rates were 31% for CCP and 35% for control. Needs for invasive mechanical ventilation and durations of hospital stay were similar between groups. We conclude that high-dose CCP transfused within 10 days of symptom onset provided no benefit for patients with severe COVID-19.

Active Role of Self-Sustained Neural Activity on Sensory Input Processing: A Minimal Theoretical Model.

A growing body of work has demonstrated the importance of ongoing oscillatory neural activity in sensory processing and the generation of sensorimotor behaviors. It has been shown, for several different brain areas, that sensory-evoked neural oscillations are generated from the modulation by sensory inputs of inherent self-sustained neural activity (SSA). This letter contributes to that strand of research by introducing a methodology to investigate how much of the sensory-evoked oscillatory activity is generated by SSA and how much is generated by sensory inputs within the context of sensorimotor behavior in a computational model. We develop an abstract model consisting of a network of three Kuramoto oscillators controlling the behavior of a simulated agent performing a categorical perception task. The effects of sensory inputs and SSAs on sensory-evoked oscillations are quantified by the cross product of velocity vectors in the phase space of the network under different conditions (disconnected without input, connected without input, and connected with input). We found that while the agent is carrying out the task, sensory-evoked activity is predominantly generated by SSA (93.10%) with much less influence from sensory inputs (6.90%). Furthermore, the influence of sensory inputs can be reduced by 10.4% (from 6.90% to 6.18%) with a decay in the agent's performance of only 2%. A dynamical analysis shows how sensory-evoked oscillations are generated from a dynamic coupling between the level of sensitivity of the network and the intensity of the input signals. This work may suggest interesting directions for neurophysiological experiments investigating how self-sustained neural activity influences sensory input processing, and ultimately affects behavior.

Public-private relationship in surgical hospitalizations through the Unified Health System.

OBJECTIVE: to characterize surgical hospitalizations, length of stay, cost and mortality, according to the legal nature (public and private) of the hospital institution linked to the Unified Health System (Sistema Único de Saúde, SUS). Method: a descriptive study, of the survey type, with retrospective data collection (2008 to 2017) and a quantitative approach. The dependent variables surgical hospitalizations in Brazil, costs, length of stay and mortality and the independent variables regime/legal nature (public and private) were obtained from the Informatics Department of the Unified Health System. The Mann-Whitney test was used for analysis. RESULTS: the average number of hospitalizations through the Unified Health System was 4,214,083 hospitalizations/year, 53.5% occurred in private hired hospitals and 46.5% in public hospitals (p=0.001). The financial transfer was greater for the private sector (60.6%) against 39.4% for the public (p=0.001). The average stay was 4.5 days in the public hospital and 3.1 days in its private counterpart (p<0.001). Mortality was higher in the public (1.8%) than in the private hospital (1.4%) (p<0.001). CONCLUSION: there was predominance of surgical hospitalizations through the Unified Health System in private hospitals with greater financial transfer to this sector, to the detriment of the public. The diverse evidence produced contributes to the debate and actions to avoid budgetary asphyxiation in the public sector in favor of the private sector.

Human adipose-derived mesenchymal stromal cells from face and abdomen undergo replicative senescence and loss of genetic integrity after long-term culture.

Body fat depots are heterogeneous concerning their embryonic origin, structure, exposure to environmental stressors, and availability. Thus, investigating adipose-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (ASCs) from different sources is essential to standardization for future therapies. In vitro amplification is also critical because it may predispose cell senescence and mutations, reducing regenerative properties and safety. Here, we evaluated long-term culture of human facial ASCs (fASCs) and abdominal ASCs (aASCs) and showed that both met the criteria for MSCs characterization but presented differences in their immunophenotypic profile, and differentiation and clonogenic potentials. The abdominal tissue yielded more ASCs, and these had higher proliferative potential, but facial cells displayed fewer mitotic errors at higher passages. However, both cell types reduced clonal efficiency over time and entered replicative senescence around P12, as evaluated by progressive morphological alterations, reduced proliferative capacity, and SA-ß-galactosidase expression. Loss of genetic integrity was detected by a higher proportion of cells showing nuclear alterations and γ-H2AX expression. Our findings indicate that the source of ASCs can substantially influence their phenotype and therefore should be carefully considered in future cell therapies, avoiding, however, long-term culture to ensure genetic stability.

Lipoaspiração abdominal: evoluindo de alta para média definição / Abdominal liposuction: evolving from high to medium definition

Introdução: Atualmente, o conceito de lipoaspiração de alta definição (LAD ou Lipo HD), tem aceitação cada vez maior. Porém, percebemos a busca de pacientes por resultados com marcação não tão vigorosa, especialmente na região abdominal, o que temos chamado de lipoaspiração de média definição ou Lipo MD. O objetivo deste estudo é apresentar uma série de casos clínicos realizados pela técnica de Lipo MD, utilizando método convencional de lipoaspiração. Métodos: Estudo retrospectivo onde os pacientes foram submetidos à lipoaspiração para obter a definição abdominal, sob as linhas alba, semilunar e interseções tendíneas. Utilizamos no curativo, tubos de silicone cilíndricos e maleáveis. Resultados: Foram inclusos 107 casos, dos quais 85 completaram o seguimento de 6 meses. Após 6 meses, os resultados foram considerados bons por todos os pacientes e equipe médica. Discussão: O conceito de Lipo HD é recente e vem recebendo aceitação crescente. A busca por resultados mais naturais e suaves, levou ao desenvolvimento do termo lipoaspiração de média ou moderada definição (Lipo MD). Acreditamos que todo cirurgião plástico pode realizar este acabamento adicional de definição abdominal, com seu método de preferência de lipoaspiração, seja de baixa energia (seringa, aspirador e vibrolipoaspirador), ou alta energia (laserlipoaspiração ou lipoultrassônica), podendo utilizar tubos de silicone para maior aderência da pele à aponeurose e melhor definir os sulcos formados. Conclusão: Foi descrito técnica de lipoaspiração abdominal de média definição (Lipo MD), utilizando método convencional de lipoaspiração, nas linhas alba e semilunar, bem como das interseções tendíneas do músculo reto abdominal.

Introduction: Currently, the concept of high-definition liposuction (HDL or HD Lipo) is increasingly accepted. However, we noticed patients' search for results with not-sovigorous marking, especially in the abdominal region, what we have called medium-definition liposuction or MD Lipo. This study aims to present a series of clinical cases performed by the MD Lipo technique, using the conventional liposuction method. Methods: Retrospective study where patients underwent liposuction to obtain abdominal definition under the linea alba, semilunaris and tendinous intersections. We use cylindrical and malleable silicone tubes in the dressing. Results: One hundred and seven cases were included, of which 85 completed the 6-month follow-up. After 6 months, the results were considered good by all patients and medical staff. Discussion: The concept of HD Lipo is recent and has been receiving increasing acceptance. The search for more natural and smooth results led to developing the term medium or moderate definition liposuction (MD Lipo). We believe that every plastic surgeon can perform this additional abdominal definition finish with his preferred method of liposuction, either low energy (syringe, liposuction device and vibroliposuction device) or high energy (laser liposuction or ultrasonic liposuction). We can use silicone tubes to better adherence of the skin to aponeurosis and better define the grooves formed. Conclusion: The technique of medium definition abdominal liposuction (MD Lipo) has been described, using the conventional method of liposuction, in the alba and semilunaris lines and the tendinous intersections of the rectus abdominis muscle.

O conflito público-privado no SUS: a atenção ambulatorial especializada no Paraná / The public-private conflict in SUS: specialized outpatient care in Paraná

RESUMO O conflito fundamental da saúde em sociedades capitalistas - direito social versus mercadoria - também se expressa no interior do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS). Este trabalho analisou a relação público-privado na oferta de serviços ambulatoriais especializados pelo SUS no estado do Paraná, no período de 1995 a 2015, em comparação com a realidade nacional. Realizou-se um estudo descritivo, com procedimentos selecionados, a partir da coleta de dados no Sistema de Informações Ambulatoriais (SIA), por meio da plataforma do Datasus Tabnet On-line nos anos de 1995, 1999, 2003, 2007, 2011 e 2015. Os resultados demonstram que a atenção ambulatorial especializada, secundária e terciária, sofreu ampliação nas duas décadas, acompanhando a expansão do SUS. O percentual de participação privada é, em geral, minoritária nos serviços de média complexidade e majoritária nos de alta complexidade, sendo que, no Paraná, o grau de privatização é consideravelmente maior que no âmbito nacional. Assim, diferentemente do preconizado constitucionalmente, em vários serviços e áreas do SUS, o público é que assume o papel de complementar ao privado. Discutem-se os possíveis impactos da privatização interna do SUS sobre seus limites em se constituir como sistema universal, integral e igualitário.

ABSTRACT The fundamental conflict of health in capitalist societies – social right versus commodity – is also expressed within the Unified Health System (SUS). This research analyzed the public-private relationship in the provision of specialized outpatient services by the SUS in the state of Paraná, from 1995 to 2015, in comparison with the national reality. A descriptive study was carried out, with selected procedures, with data collected in the Outpatient Information System (SIA) through the Datasus Tabnet On-line platform in the years 1995, 1999, 2003, 2007, 2011 and 2015. The results demonstrate that specialized outpatient care, secondary and tertiary, has expanded over the past two decades, following the expansion of SUS. The percentage of private participation is, in general, minority in the medium complexity services and majority in the high complexity services, and in Paraná the degree of privatization is considerably higher than at the national scope. Thus, differently from what is constitutionally recommended, in various services and areas of the SUS, it is the public that assumes the role of complementing the private. The possible impacts of the internal privatization of SUS on its limits on constituting itself as a universal, comprehensive and equal system are discussed.

Public-private relationship in surgical hospitalizations through the Unified Health System / Relação público-privado nas internações cirúrgicas pelo Sistema Único de Saúde / Relación público-privado en los ingresos quirúrgicos a través del Sistema Único de Salud

Objective: to characterize surgical hospitalizations, length of stay, cost and mortality, according to the legal nature (public and private) of the hospital institution linked to the Unified Health System (Sistema Único de Saúde, SUS). Method: a descriptive study, of the survey type, with retrospective data collection (2008 to 2017) and a quantitative approach. The dependent variables surgical hospitalizations in Brazil, costs, length of stay and mortality and the independent variables regime/legal nature (public and private) were obtained from the Informatics Department of the Unified Health System. The Mann-Whitney test was used for analysis. Results: the average number of hospitalizations through the Unified Health System was 4,214,083 hospitalizations/year, 53.5% occurred in private hired hospitals and 46.5% in public hospitals (p=0.001). The financial transfer was greater for the private sector (60.6%) against 39.4% for the public (p=0.001). The average stay was 4.5 days in the public hospital and 3.1 days in its private counterpart (p<0.001). Mortality was higher in the public (1.8%) than in the private hospital (1.4%) (p<0.001). Conclusion: there was predominance of surgical hospitalizations through the Unified Health System in private hospitals with greater financial transfer to this sector, to the detriment of the public. The diverse evidence produced contributes to the debate and actions to avoid budgetary asphyxiation in the public sector in favor of the private sector.

Objetivo: caracterizar as internações cirúrgicas, permanência, custo e mortalidade, conforme a natureza jurídica (público e privado) da instituição hospitalar ligada ao Sistema Único de Saúde. Método: estudo descritivo, tipo levantamento, com coleta de dados retrospectiva (2008 a 2017) e abordagem quantitativa. As variáveis dependentes internações cirúrgicas ocorridas no Brasil, custos, permanência e mortalidade e as variáveis independentes regime/natureza jurídica (público e privado) foram obtidas do Departamento de Informática do Sistema Único de Saúde. O teste de Mann-Whitney foi empregado para análise. Resultados: a média das internações pelo Sistema Único de Saúde foi de 4.214.083 internações/ ano, 53,5% ocorridas nos hospitais privados contratados e 46,5% em hospitais públicos (p=0,001). O repasse financeiro foi maior para o setor privado (60,6%) contra 39,4% para os públicos (p=0,001). A média de permanência foi de 4,5 dias no público e 3,1 dias no privado (p<0,001). A mortalidade foi maior no público (1,8%) do que no privado (1,4%) (p<0,001). Conclusão: houve predomínio das internações cirúrgicas pelo Sistema Único de Saúde nos hospitais privados com repasse financeiro maior para este setor em detrimento do público. As evidências produzidas contribuem para o debate e ações para evitar o asfixiamento orçamentário do setor público em privilégio do privado.

Objetivo: caracterizar los ingresos quirúrgicos, la estancia, el costo y la mortalidad, según la naturaleza jurídica (público y privado) del hospital vinculado al Sistema Único de Salud. Método: se trata de estudio descriptivo, tipo encuesta, con recolección de datos retrospectiva (2008 a 2017) y enfoque cuantitativo. Las variables dependientes ingresos quirúrgicos en Brasil, costos, estancia y mortalidad y las variables independientes régimen/naturaleza jurídica (público y privado) se obtuvieron del Departamento de Informática del Sistema Único de Salud. Para el análisis se utilizó la prueba de MannWhitney. Resultados: el promedio de hospitalizaciones a través del Sistema Único de Salud fue de 4.214.083 hospitalizaciones/ año, 53,5% ocurrieron en hospitales privados contratados y 46,5% en hospitales públicos (p=0,001). La transferencia financiera fue mayor para el sector privado (60,6%) y del 39,4% para el público (p=0,001). La estancia media fue de 4,5 días en el público y 3,1 días en el privado (p<0,001). La mortalidad fue mayor en los hospitales públicos (1,8%) que en los privados (1,4%) (p<0,001). Conclusión: hubo un predominio de los ingresos quirúrgicos a través del Sistema Único de Salud en los hospitales privados con mayor transferencia económica a este sector en detrimento de la población. La evidencia producida contribuye al debate y las acciones para evitar la asfixia presupuestaria del sector público que privilegia al sector privado.

Analysis of Adipose-Derived Stem Cells from Different Donor Areas and Their Influence on Fibroblasts In Vitro.

BACKGROUND: New regenerative treatments have emerged with the use of multipotent mesenchymal cells, with special interest in adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs). In recent years, studies that have sought to identify possible quantitative or qualitative differences in ADSCs derived from different donor subcutaneous adipose tissue have shown divergent results making the determination of a preferential donor area still considered inconclusive. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The number of ADSCs present in the adipose tissue collected by liposuction was quantified between five different body areas from 17 women, by means of the CFU-F assay and to investigate possible qualitative differences in the ADSCs from these different areas by analyzing: cell surface markers, cell kinetics, action of the supernatant produced by ADSCs from different body areas on fibroblast migration and, finally, differences in the secretome present in the supernatant produced by these cells. RESULTS: The highest mean concentration of CFU-Fs was the dorsum (23.20 ± 26.13), and the lowest was the thighs (6.87 ± 5.04). No qualitative differences were observed in the expression of the cell surface markers or in cell kinetics. Supernatants produced by the ADSCs derived from the abdomen and the thighs demonstrated an increased rate of migration of fibroblasts in vitro similarly. No differences were observed in the secretome between the ADSCs groups. CONCLUSIONS: It was observed that the region of the dorsal upper back presented a greater number of ADSCs than the thighs. No qualitative differences were observed between the ADSCs of the five areas analyzed. NO LEVEL ASSIGNED: This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each submission to which Evidence-Based Medicine rankings are applicable. This excludes Review Articles, Book Reviews, and manuscripts that concern Basic Science, Animal Studies, Cadaver Studies, and Experimental Studies. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266.

Simultaneous zika and dengue serotype-4 viral detection and isolation from a donor plasma unit.

During zika and dengue viruse (ZIKV and DENV) outbreaks, the majority of the infected individuals remain clinically asymptomatic. Such asymptomatic individuals may occasionally acquire both arboviruses, donate blood, and contaminate haemoderivatives. The aim of this study was to characterize a ZIKV/DENV-4 coinfection in asymptomatic blood donor who donated blood during a large mixed ZIKV/DENV outbreak in the Säo Paulo State, Brazil. On the basis of post-donation information, one blood donor sample was found positive for ZIKV and DENV RNA. The DENV molecular serotyping was performed by molecular testing. The sample was also titrated on VERO E6 cells in order to define the presence of infectious arboviruses. The real-time PCR testing of the blood donor sample demonstrated very high viral load for both ZIKV and DENV. Further, molecular serotyping of DENV showed that the presence of DENV-4. The viral titration in cell culture indicated a titre of 2.75x10[6] PFU/ml which was concordant with the presence of infectious viruses in the blood donation. This is an interesting report for the simultaneous presence of infectious ZIKV and DENV-4 in asymptomatic blood sample. Special attention must be paid during mixed arboviral outbreaks for the possibility of transfusion-transmission of multiple arboviral agents.

Novas tecnologias e inovações em cirurgia mamária / New technologies and innovations in breast surgery

Introdução: A cirurgia de mama, especialmente as associadas aos implantes de silicone, teve uma crescente popularização, tornando-se a cirurgia plástica mais realizada no mundo. Junto com esta proliferação, observa-se um aumento da preocupação com a segurança dos implantes mamários de silicone, pelas intercorrências relacionadas. Objetivo: Revisar métodos existentes para minimizar as complicações relacionadas com implante mamário de silicone, bem como as tecnologias existentes e tendências tecnológicas para implantes mamários de silicone. Métodos: Foi realizada revisão de artigos científicos relacionados com novas tecnologias e tendências para redução das complicações relacionadas com implantes mamários de silicone, bem como as patentes e fabricantes de implante de silicone mamário. Resultados: Identificamos inicialmente 78 referências, sendo reduzido para 40 para publicação, todos com linhas de pesquisas que buscam melhores resultados e redução das complicações relacionadas com implantes de silicone, seja esta cirurgia com objetivo estético ou reconstrutivo. Conclusão: A busca por um implante mamário que reduza as possíveis e frequentes complicações, principalmente a formação do biofilme, processos infecciosos e resposta imune, é o foco da maioria das pesquisas encontradas. Com o mesmo objetivo, porém surgindo mais recentemente como alternativas, existem as pesquisas para o uso de matriz dérmica acelular e a lipoenxertia, com boas expectativas.

Introduction: Breast surgery with silicone implants is gaining popularity and has become the most performed plastic surgery worldwide. However, there is increasing concern about the safety of silicone breast implants due to associated complications. Objective: To review existing technologies, technological trends, and existing methods to minimize complications related to silicone breast implants. Methods: We conducted a literature review of articles describing new technologies and trends to reduce complications related to silicone breast implants, along with information on patents and manufacturers of silicone breast implants. Results: We initially identified 78 articles, out of which 40 were shortlisted for publication . All articles had a common aim of obtaining better results and reducing complications related to silicone implants, either in aesthetic or reconstructive surgeries. Conclusion: The search for a breast implant that reduces possible and frequent complications, especially biofilm formation, infectious processes, and abnormal immune response, was the focus of most articles studied. Acellular dermal matrix and fat grafting have been reported in the literature as promising alternatives.

Adoecimento psíquico na sociedade contemporânea: notas conceituais da teoria da determinação social do processo saúde-doença / Mental illness on contemporary society: conceptual notes on the theory of social determination of the health-disease process

RESUMO Este trabalho objetiva sistematizar elementos conceituais a fim de contribuir para a análise do adoecimento psíquico na sociedade contemporânea, a partir da teoria da determinação social do processo saúde-doença, referencial teórico que reconhece a existência de um nexo biopsíquico constituidor dos indivíduos e estabelecido em sociedade. Analisou as características do capitalismo contemporâneo, com ênfase na organização do trabalho, permeado por processos destrutivos da saúde, geradores de cargas psíquicas relacionadas com a produção de sofrimento e adoecimento. O desgaste gerado nesse processo produz um perfil epidemiológico marcado pelas altas taxas de transtornos mentais.

ABSTRACT This study's goal is to systematize conceptual elements in order to contribute to the analysis of mental illness on contemporary society, from the theory of social determination of the health-disease process, a theory that recognizes the existence of a biopsychic nexus from which are constituted individuals, and which is socially established. We analyze the characteristics of contemporary capitalism, emphasizing the organization of labor, which is teeming with processes that are destructive to health and that generate psychic loads related to the production of suffering and illness. The weariness generated in such process produces an epidemiological profile marked by high rates of mental disorders.

Lipoaspiração abdominal de alta definição e tubos de silicone / High-definition abdominal liposuction with silicone tubing

Introdução: Recentemente, alguns autores têm descrito a lipoaspiração de alta definição, na qual, na região abdominal, é alcançada pela marcação vigorosa dos sulcos das linhas alba, semilunar e interseções tendíneas transversais do músculo reto abdominal. O objetivo é apresentar estudo piloto de técnica de lipoaspiração de alta definição abdominal utilizando material convencional e tubos de silicone nos curativos. Métodos: Foram descritos 20 casos, submetidos à lipoaspiração convencional e em seguida lipoaspiração superficial sob as linhas alba, semilunar e interseções tendíneas, até que se obtivesse a formação de um sulco nestes locais. Utilizamos tubos de silicone maleáveis nas linhas alba, semilunar bilateral e interseções tendíneas, fixados externamente com micropore, os quais foram removidos após 5 dias. Resultados: Houve um acréscimo médio de 20 minutos para realização destas etapas. As marcas dos tubos de silicone apresentaram-se muito evidentes no primeiro retorno, estando mais discretas no segundo retorno. Não foram observadas alterações de coloração, isquemia ou dor maior pela técnica empregada. Após 3 meses, não houve nenhum caso de dermatite, cútis marmorata, seroma, infecção, irregularidade de contorno ou necessidade de procedimentos adicionais. Conclusão: Foi realizada lipoaspiração de alta definição abdominal, com material convencional e uso de tubos de silicone temporários fixados externamente.

Introduction: Recently, some authors have described high definition liposuction in the abdominal region, achieved by the vigorous marking of the grooves of the linea alba, linea semilunaris, and transverse tendinous intersections within the rectus abdominis muscle. The aim is to present a pilot study of high-definition abdominal liposuction technique using conventional material and silicone tubing in the dressings . Methods: Twenty cases were submitted to conventional liposuction, followed by superficial liposuction under the linea alba, linea semilunaris, and tendinous intersections, until a groove was formed at these sites. Flexible silicone tubing was externally fixed with Micropore tape in the linea alba, bilateral linea semilunaris, and tendinous intersections, and removed after 5 days. Results: A mean increase of 20 minutes was required to perform these steps. The marks of the silicone tubing were evident at the first follow-up, and less prominent at the second follow-up. No color change, ischemia, or significant pain was observed using this technique. After 3 months, there were no cases of dermatitis, cutis marmorata, seroma, infection, contour irregularity or need for additional procedures. Conclusion: High-definition abdominal liposuction was performed using conventional materials and externally fixed temporary silicone tubing.

Miotomia glabelar fechada: uma nova abordagem cirúrgica para tratar rugas sem cicatrizes / Closed glabellar myotomy: a new surgical approach to treat wrinkles without scarring

Introdução: A hiperatividade da musculatura glabelar e as consequentes rugas são queixas frequentes na cirurgia plástica. O tratamento consiste em impedimento dos músculos relacionados. Propomos uma abordagem fechada para o tratamento da musculatura glabelar. Métodos: 78 pacientes foram operados entre abril de 2012 e agosto de 2015. A miotomia é realizada guiada pela marcação e tem início utilizando fio de poliglactina 0 ou fio de aço, passando várias vezes através das linhas marcadas, entrando pelo supercílio e utilizando o plano justaperiostal, retornando através do mesmo orifício da agulha em direção ao orifício de entrada, agora usando o plano subcutâneo. Resultados: Foram obtidos bons resultados em todos os casos com impedimento da atividade da musculatura glabelar durante o período avaliado (pelo menos 1 ano), com melhora das rugas e hiperatividade. As complicações observadas foram parestesia temporária na região frontal central (35 casos) e recidiva parcial (4 casos). Não foi observado nenhum caso de recorrência completa. As opções de tratamento cirúrgico de longo prazo para rugas glabelar são miotomia, neurotomia parcial ou miectomia. A miotomia glabelar fechada evita algumas possíveis complicações associadas a essas opções, diminui o tempo cirúrgico utilizando instrumentos cirúrgicos convencionais, permite a correção de assimetria, com menos edema, menos equimoses e evita cicatrizes. Conclusão: A miotomia glabelar fechada parece ser uma boa alternativa às outras opções cirúrgicas tradicionais, porque evita cicatrizes, permite correção de assimetria e apresenta bons resultados a longo prazo.

Introduction: Hyperactivity of the glabellar musculature and resulting wrinkles are frequent complaints in the field of plastic surgery. Treatment consists of blocking the involved muscles. We propose a closed approach for the treatment of glabellar musculature. Methods: Seventy-eight patients underwent operation between April 2012 and August 2015. Myotomy includes the use of markings and polyglactin 0 wire or steel wire, passing through the marked lines several times, entering the eyebrow and using the juxtaperiostal plane, returning through the same orifice of the needle toward the entry hole, and using the subcutaneous plane. Results: Good results were obtained in all cases by preventing glabellar muscle activity during the period evaluated (at least 1 year), with improvement in wrinkles and muscle hyperactivity. The complications observed included temporary paresthesia in the frontal region (35 cases) and partial recurrence (4 cases). There was no case of total recurrence. The options for long-term surgical treatment of glabellar wrinkles are myotomy, partial neurotomy, or myectomy. Closed glabellar myotomy prevents some possible complications associated with these options, reduces the surgical time, requires the use of conventional surgical instruments, eliminates scarring, and causes asymmetric correction, less edema, and fewer bruises. Conclusion: Closed glabellar myotomy seems to be a good alternative compared to other traditional surgical options, because it eliminates scarring, allows correction of asymmetry, and presents good long-term results.

Humanização e desumanização no trabalho em saúde

Apresenta aspectos da sociedade contemporânea que influenciam o cuidado em saúde, questionando se é possível identificar a saúde com uma prática 'desumanizadora'. Para analisar esta questão, o autor utiliza a categoria marxista de alienação, como a “não correspondência entre o desenvolvimento das capacidades humanas – do gênero humano – e sua manifestação no plano dos indivíduos e coletividades concretas”. Ele afirma que a humanização dos sujeitos resulta da sua inserção e ação transformadora sobre a realidade e, analisando criticamente os fenômenos de saúde-doença, entende que as práticas de saúde são simultaneamente 'humanizadoras' e 'desumanizadoras'. O livro convida a refletir sobre qual é o objeto do trabalho em saúde, se é a própria saúde, a doença ou a pessoa. Discute também a determinação social do processo saúde-doença e as manifestações da medicalização na sociedade. Aborda ainda o aumento de doenças entre os trabalhadores da saúde e sua inserção no capitalismo, a relação entre profissionais e usuários e o papel - por vezes contraditório - da tecnologia nos serviços.

Lipoaspiração: atualização dos fatores de riscos metabólicos e sua importância clínico-cirúrgica / Liposuction: an actualization of the risk factors and their clinical and surgical relevance

A lipoaspiração permanece como um dos procedimentos mais realizados pelos cirurgiões plásticos (1-3). O aumento da segurança no ambiente cirúrgico, o refinamento da técnica e a satisfação das pacientes contribuem para a popularidade desta intervenção idealizada por Ilouz, em 1979 (4). Tem-se observado, ainda, tanto no ambiente médico quanto na mídia, uma crescente preocupação não apenas com a nova forma dos pacientes, mas também com a segurança. O tecido adiposo atua como um verdadeiro órgão endócrino e é o principal depósito de triglicerídeos, que têm uma relação clássica com doença aterosclerótica e resistência insulínica (6, 7). Estudos recentes ligaram ainda o metabolismo lipídico dos adipócitos à manutenção de um estado inflamatório sistêmico de baixo grau, através de vários mediadores (8-10). Há evidências científicas (11) que mostram o aumento do percentual de obesos em nosso país e uma importante taxa de pessoas, com sobrepeso. Este estudo também relaciona a prevalência de diabetes e de hipertensão. A clássica inter-relação entre a quantidade de gordura corporal e as chamadas doenças metabólicas tem suscitado a investigação dos elementos envolvidos neste processo e de tratamentos para o controle dos mesmos. A descoberta da leptina na década de 1990 (12) chamou a atenção para a propriedade reguladora do tecido adiposo. Estudos posteriores (5, 13) relacionaram ainda a síntese de outros fatores. Decidimos fazer uma revisão da literatura para esclarecer o estágio atual das pesquisas, tentando ordená-las de forma didática para melhor compreensão e auxílio para uma conduta mais segura e eficiente nos pacientes submetidos à lipoaspiração.

Liposuction is one of the most frequently performed procedures by plastic surgeons. The increased safety associated with the surgical settings, technical refinements, and level of patient satisfaction have contributed to the popularity gained by this intervention since it was first introduced by Ilouz in 1979 (4). Moreover, among medical communities and the media, concerns have risen regarding not only the drastic changes in patients' appearance but also the safety of the procedure. Fat tissue is known to act as a legitimate endocrine organ (5), being the primary depository for triglycerides, which classically relate to atherosclerosis and insulin resistance (6, 7). Recent work has linked lipid metabolism in adipocytes to the maintenance of low levels of systemic inflammation through a series of mediators (8-10). Scientific evidence (11) revealed an increase in the percentage of obese people in our country, as well as a considerable proportion of overweight people. This study also investigates the relationship between the prevalence of diabetes and hypertension. The classic association between body mass index and common metabolic diseases has led to investigations focused on several factors involved in this relationship, along with research work directed at the treatments available. The discovery of leptin in the 1990s (12) highlights the regulatory properties of the adipose tissue, whereas recent studies (5, 13) have established a link with the synthesis of other factors. In this study, we aimed to perform a review of literatures that discuss the current state-of-the-art of scientific research, in which we organized published works in a didactic manner in order to facilitate better understanding, and promote the safety and efficacy of liposuction.

Frontal and glabellar myotomy: single short frontal scar approach / Miotomia frontoglabelar: acesso por pequena incisão frontal

BACKGROUND: Frontal and glabellar muscle hyperactivity with consequent wrinkles are frequent complaints in plastic surgery. Treatment consists of impediment of related muscles; this can be achieved by application of botulinum toxin or surgery by means of classic coronal incision, endoscopic approach, transblepharoplasty access, or non-endoscopic limited approaches. This paper proposes an alternative of limited approach in which an incision is made on the central frontal scalp for treatment of the frontal and glabellar muscles. METHODS: Between March 2009 and April 2010, 20 female patients were treated using a small incision on the frontal scalp, followed by dissection of frontal and glabellar regions. Muscles and supratrochlear and supraorbital nerve branches were identified; subsequently, frontal and glabellar muscle myotomy was performed. RESULTS: All patients showed good results by frontal and glabellar muscle impediment during the evaluation period, with improvement in wrinkles and hyperactivity. Complications consisted of temporary paresthesia and pruritus in the central frontal region and scalp, in addition to recurrence of partial muscle contraction. CONCLUSIONS: The small incision approach on the central frontal scalp for treatment of frontal and glabellar muscles seems to be a good alternative to other surgical options due to its small size, inconspicuous scarring, and direct visualization of frontal and glabellar anatomic structures, allowing selective myotomy or myectomy.

INTRODUÇÃO: A hiperatividade da musculatura frontoglabelar, com suas consequentes rugas, são queixas frequentes em consultórios de cirurgia plástica. O tratamento consiste de impedimento desses músculos, o que pode ser obtido com a aplicação de toxina botulínica ou cirurgicamente, por incisão coronal clássica, acesso endoscópico, acesso transblefaroplastia ou acessos limitados não-endoscópicos. Neste artigo é proposta uma alternativa de acesso limitado, por incisão pós-capilar central frontal (IPCF), para tratamento das musculaturas frontal e glabelar. MÉTODO: Entre março de 2009 e abril de 2010, 20 pacientes do sexo feminino foram submetidas a IPCF, seguida de dissecção das regiões frontal e glabelar. Os músculos e os nervos supratroclear e supraorbitário foram identificados, sendo, em seguida, realizada miotomia dos músculos frontoglabelares. RESULTADOS: Todos os casos apresentaram bons resultados pelo impedimento da musculatura frontoglabelar no período avaliado, com melhora das rugas e da hiperatividade. As complicações observadas foram temporárias e incluíram parestesia e prurido na região frontal central e no escalpe, além de recorrência parcial da contração muscular. CONCLUSÕES: A IPCF parece ser uma boa alternativa para o tratamento das musculaturas frontal e glabelar, pela pequena incisão, pela cicatriz inaparente e por permitir visão direta das estruturas anatômicas das regiões frontal e glabelar, permitindo miotomia ou miectomia seletiva.

A dialética humanização-alienação como recurso à compreensão crítica da desumanização das práticas de saúde: alguns elementos conceituais / Humanization-alienation dialectic as a tool for the critical comprehension of health practices dehumanization: some conceptual elements / La dialéctica humanización-enajenación como un recurso para la comprensión crítica de la deshumanización de las prácticas de salud: algunos elementos conceptuales

Tendo por ponto de partida as transformações contemporâneas pelas quais vem passando o trabalho médico e em saúde, e suas implicações sobre as relações estabelecidas entre seus sujeitos constituintes, buscamos demonstrar como a integração desses elementos em um quadro conceitual estruturado pela dialética humanização-alienação pode contribuir para a compreensão das raízes de grande parte das crises e conflitos evidenciados atualmente e analisados sob a perspectiva da desumanização dos serviços e das práticas de saúde. O recurso a essa perspectiva teórica demonstra ser bastante produtivo no processo de análise das dinâmicas que contribuem ou que, ao contrário, obstruem um devir propiciador de vidas mais plenas de sentido para os indivíduos e as coletividades, sendo que este deve ser, a nosso ver, o objetivo último dos movimentos que se proponham humanizadores das práticas de saúde.

Considering the contemporary transformations that the health and medical work has been undergoing and their implications to the relationships established between their constitutive subjects, the present essay aims to demonstrate how the integration of these elements in a framework structured by the humanization-alienation dialectic relation may contribute to the comprehension of the causes of a large part of the conflicts and crises that are evidenced nowadays and analyzed in the perspective of health services and practices dehumanization. The application of this theoretical perspective proves to be very productive within the process of analysing the dynamics that contribute to or, oppositely, obstruct a future that would enable lives full of meaning to individuals and collectivities. This should be, in our opinion, the final goal of the movements that intend to humanize the health practices.

Tomando como punto de partida las transformaciones contemporáneas que ha experimentado la medicina y en salud, y sus implicaciones en las relaciones entre sus sujetos constituyentes, hemos buscado demostrar que la integración de esos elementos en un marco conceptual estructurado por la dialéctica humanización-enajenación puede contribuir para comprender las raíces de la mayoría de los conflictos y de las crisis de la actualidad, analizadas corrientemente desde la perspectiva de la deshumanización de los servicios y prácticas de salud. El uso de esa perspectiva teórica resulta bastante productivo en el análisis de las dinámicas que contribuyen o, por el contrario, dificultan el devenir de una vida más llena de sentido para los individuos y colectivos, y esto debe ser, a nuestro juicio, el objetivo final de los movimientos que buscan humanizar las prácticas de salud.